Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein primarily produced by the liver that binds and transports sex steroids—mainly testosterone and estradiol—in the bloodstream. By binding to these hormones, SHBG regulates their biological availability to tissues. Higher SHBG levels typically decrease the free (unbound) fraction of testosterone and estradiol, while lower SHBG levels increase it. Due to this buffering function, SHBG plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance in both men and women and is frequently measured alongside total testosterone and estradiol to support clinical interpretation.

Aubergine intolerance, also referred to as eggplant intolerance in some areas, is a condition characterised by difficulty in digesting aubergine. Unlike an aubergine allergy, which involves an immune system reaction and can cause more serious responses, intolerance mainly results in gastrointestinal discomfort. Individuals with aubergine intolerance usually experience digestive symptoms after eating aubergine.

Cabbage intolerance means having trouble digesting cabbage, often leading to stomach discomfort. Unlike a cabbage allergy, which causes an immune system response, this intolerance is linked to digestion and usually leads to symptoms after eating cabbage.

Herring intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest herring, often resulting in gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a herring allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause severe reactions, herring intolerance usually causes only digestive symptoms after consuming this type of fish.

Chamomile tea intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting chamomile tea, an herbal infusion made from dried chamomile flowers. Unlike a chamomile tea allergy, which triggers an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. Individuals with chamomile tea intolerance typically experience gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking chamomile tea.

Acarus siro, commonly called the flour mite, is a species frequently found in stored grains and flour. These mites thrive in kitchen cupboards and pantries, especially under humid conditions. For sensitive individuals, exposure can trigger allergic reactions and may be particularly problematic for those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Honey intolerance is a condition where individuals have trouble digesting honey, a natural sweetener made by bees. It can lead to gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a honey allergy, which involves an immune response and can cause more serious symptoms. People with honey intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating honey or products that contain it.

LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) is a type of cholesterol commonly known as “bad” cholesterol. It transports cholesterol particles through the bloodstream, and elevated levels can lead to plaque accumulation in the arteries. This accumulation, called atherosclerosis, can narrow and harden the arteries, raising the risk of heart disease and stroke.

Rye intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest rye, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a rye allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms, rye intolerance usually results in digestive problems after consuming rye or products made from rye.

AHSG (Alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein), also known as fetuin-A, is a glycoprotein involved in various physiological processes, including inhibition of mineralisation and regulation of insulin sensitivity. Elevated AHSG levels have been linked to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, suggesting its potential as a biomarker for these conditions.

Shrimp allergy is a common shellfish allergy caused by an immune reaction to proteins found in shrimp. It is one of the most frequent food allergies in adults and can trigger symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including anaphylaxis. This allergy is usually lifelong and may be triggered by consuming shrimp or even inhaling steam during cooking.

ATP8B1 (ATPase Phospholipid Transporting 8B1) is a gene that encodes a phospholipid transporter located in the liver cell membrane. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the lipid balance of cell membranes and bile. Mutations in ATP8B1 can cause progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC), a group of inherited liver disorders.

Avocado intolerance is a condition where individuals face difficulty digesting avocado, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike avocado allergy, which causes an immune system reaction and can result in more serious effects, avocado intolerance is confined to digestive symptoms that occur after eating avocado.

Urinary leukocytes are white blood cells present in urine. They are usually absent or found in very small amounts, and elevated levels often indicate infection or inflammation in the urinary tract or kidneys. Their presence is a key indicator for diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other kidney-related disorders.

Non-HDL cholesterol measures all harmful types of cholesterol, including LDL (low-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), and other lipid particles that lead to plaque accumulation in your arteries. It is calculated by subtracting your HDL (high-density lipoprotein) or "good" cholesterol level from your total cholesterol count. Non-HDL cholesterol is regarded as a more comprehensive indicator of heart disease risk than LDL cholesterol alone, as it accounts for all atherogenic particles.

Ureaplasma is a group of tiny bacteria commonly found in the urogenital tracts of both men and women. They form part of the normal genital flora but can cause infections under certain conditions. Ureaplasma species, especially Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum, are linked to conditions such as urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. Although they can be sexually transmitted, they are not always strictly classified as STIs.

Fennel intolerance is a condition in which the body struggles to digest fennel, an aromatic herb frequently used in Mediterranean and Indian cooking. It generally causes stomach discomfort and is different from a fennel allergy, which involves an immune response and may lead to more serious symptoms. Those with fennel intolerance often face digestive problems after eating fennel or foods flavoured with fennel.

Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that can affect both humans and animals. These flat, segmented worms can grow to significant lengths. They usually enter the body through the consumption of contaminated food or water. While tapeworm infections may sometimes show no symptoms, they can also cause stomach discomfort, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Threadworms (Strongyloides stercoralis) are tiny intestinal parasites that cause strongyloidiasis. They may not show symptoms or can cause a range of issues, including stomach pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, malabsorption. Transmission happens when skin comes into contact with contaminated soil. These worms are unique because they can reproduce inside the host, leading to persistent, long-term infections.

New World hookworms (Necator americanus) are parasitic worms commonly found in the Americas. These parasites attach themselves to the walls of the intestines in their hosts, causing chronic blood loss, anaemia, and protein deficiency. The larvae can penetrate the skin when individuals come into contact with contaminated soil, putting them at risk of infection.

King crab, a highly sought-after delicacy in seafood cuisine, is cherished for its rich flavor and tender texture. However, some people may have an intolerance to king crab, which can restrict their ability to enjoy this seafood.

Pinworms (Oxyuris), also known as threadworms, are common intestinal parasites, especially in children. These small, white worms cause itching around the anus, disturbed sleep, and irritability due to laying eggs at night. Infection spreads through the faecal-oral route, often by swallowing microscopic eggs from contaminated hands, surfaces, or food.

Dill intolerance is a condition in which individuals find it difficult to digest dill, an herb commonly used for its distinctive flavour in pickles, salads, and seafood dishes. It usually causes gastrointestinal discomfort and is different from a dill allergy, which triggers an immune response and can result in more severe symptoms. People with dill intolerance typically experience digestive problems after consuming dill or foods containing it.

Beef intolerance is a condition where the digestive system responds negatively to consuming beef. Unlike a beef allergy, which causes an immune reaction and can be more serious, beef intolerance involves difficulties in digesting or processing certain elements of beef.

ATP1B3 (ATPase Na⁺/K⁺ Transporting Subunit Beta 3): ATP1B3 is a component of the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase pump, which maintains cellular ion gradients essential for regulating cell volume and electrical activity. This subunit affects the pump’s function and specificity, aiding muscle activity, nerve transmission, and kidney filtration. Changes in ATP1B3 may be associated with cardiovascular and neurological conditions.

Urine density, also known as urine specific gravity, measures the concentration of solutes in urine. It reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine and acts as an indicator of hydration status and kidney function. Although normal values may vary, deviations can signal dehydration, overhydration, or underlying kidney problems.

Lamb intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest lamb meat, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a lamb allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can result in severe symptoms, lamb intolerance generally leads to digestive problems after eating lamb.

HORMAD1 (HORMA Domain-Containing Protein 1): HORMAD1 is a gene that encodes a protein containing a HORMA domain, which is involved in chromosome dynamics during meiosis. It plays a key role in regulating homologous chromosome pairing and segregation, contributing to genetic diversity and proper gamete formation.

Halibut intolerance is a condition where individuals face difficulty digesting halibut, a type of flatfish commonly enjoyed as a seafood delicacy. This can cause discomfort in the digestive system. Halibut intolerance is different from a halibut allergy, which triggers an immune response and may result in more serious reactions. Those with halibut intolerance usually experience digestive symptoms after eating halibut or dishes that contain it.

Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the breakdown of the essential amino acid tryptophan. It serves as a precursor to several important compounds, including the neuroprotective kynurenic acid and the neurotoxic quinolinic acid, and plays a vital role in various physiological and pathological processes in the body.

Urinary nitrates are chemical compounds usually not found or present only in trace amounts in urine. Their presence may indicate a bacterial infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), because certain bacteria can convert urinary nitrite into nitrate. Nitrate testing is a common diagnostic method used to detect UTIs.

HPRT1 (Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase 1): HPRT1 is an essential gene involved in purine metabolism. It catalyses the conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate (IMP), a key precursor for purine nucleotide synthesis. Mutations in HPRT1 can result in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic disorder associated with neurological and behavioural abnormalities.

SERTAD2 (SERTA Domain Containing 2): SERTAD2 is a multifunctional protein containing a SERTA domain, associated with cell cycle regulation. Aside from its role in cell cycle progression, SERTAD2 is involved in key cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and chromatin remodeling. Its interactions with various transcription factors and co-regulators make it a crucial regulator of gene expression.

Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus), commonly referred to as the European house dust mite, is a prevalent indoor allergen. These microscopic creatures flourish in warm, humid conditions and feed on organic materials such as human skin flakes. Their body fragments and waste products can trigger allergic reactions and asthma in sensitive individuals.

Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a herbaceous plant from the mint family, best known for its stimulating effects on cats. While not commonly consumed by humans, some people may experience catnip intolerance — a sensitivity to its compounds that can cause digestive discomfort. This is different from a catnip allergy, which involves an immune response and can lead to more severe symptoms.

Grass pollen allergies indicate sensitivity to different grass species — including sweet vernal, orchard grass, common reed, and bent grass. These allergens can greatly impact individuals prone to allergic reactions, affecting respiratory health, causing eye irritation, and influencing overall well-being. Understanding these allergies, identifying symptoms, and implementing effective management techniques can help alleviate discomfort and enhance quality of life during peak pollen seasons.

Carrot allergy is an allergic reaction caused by certain proteins found in carrots. Although rare, it can affect people who are sensitive to particular plant-based foods. It is commonly associated with Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS), especially in individuals allergic to birch or mugwort pollen, due to cross-reactive proteins.

KMO (Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase) is an enzyme that plays a key role in the kynurenine pathway, responsible for metabolising the amino acid tryptophan. It helps regulate the balance of metabolites within this pathway, influencing processes that can affect brain health. KMO activity has been linked to neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and schizophrenia.

PKP4 (Plakophilin 4): PKP4 is a protein that supports cell–cell adhesion, particularly within desmosomes — specialised structures that link neighbouring cells. It helps maintain tissue integrity, especially in areas exposed to mechanical stress. Mutations in PKP4 can disrupt this function, contributing to certain skin and cardiac disorders.

Grape intolerance is a condition in which the body finds it difficult to digest grapes, causing gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a grape allergy, which triggers an immune response and can lead to severe reactions, grape intolerance usually results in digestive symptoms after consuming grapes or products derived from grapes.

Urobilinogen in urine is a by-product of red blood cell breakdown, formed in the intestines from bilirubin and excreted in the urine. It is normally found in low concentrations and serves as an indicator of liver function and health. Abnormally high or low levels may indicate liver disease or blood-related conditions.

THADA (Thyroid Adenoma Associated): THADA is a gene linked to thyroid adenomas, a type of thyroid tumor. It may contribute to thyroid tumorigenesis and has been implicated in the development of thyroid cancer, making it a key subject of ongoing research in thyroid diseases.

Pancreatic elastase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in protein digestion. Measuring its levels in stool can offer valuable insights into pancreatic function. Since the enzyme remains stable in fecal matter, it serves as a reliable marker for evaluating the exocrine function of the pancreas, particularly in diagnosing pancreatic insufficiency.

SCAMP1 (Secretory Carrier Membrane Protein 1): SCAMP1 is a protein involved in membrane trafficking processes, particularly in the recycling of membrane proteins and exocytosis. It plays a key role in cellular communication and the transport of substances within cells, which is essential for various cellular functions.

Allergies to seafood such as plaice, anchovy, and Alaska pollock happen when the immune system responds to certain proteins in these fish. These reactions can lead to various symptoms and may have a significant impact on diet and lifestyle. It is important for those with these allergies to understand the triggers, symptoms, and management strategies.

Chicken intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest chicken, causing digestive discomfort. Unlike a chicken allergy, which activates the immune system and can result in quicker and more severe reactions, chicken intolerance usually causes gastrointestinal symptoms after eating.

COL11A1 (Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain): COL11A1 is a gene that encodes an essential component of type XI collagen, which is crucial for the structure and strength of connective tissue. Mutations in COL11A1 are associated with several connective tissue disorders, including certain types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Stickler syndrome.

The quantitative determination of nitrogen (N) is a laboratory test that measures nitrogen levels in bodily excretions, typically urine or feces, to assess protein digestion and absorption. This test is crucial for evaluating nutritional status, especially in clinical settings where protein-energy malnutrition or imbalances might be a concern. It provides valuable insights into metabolic functions linked to protein turnover and helps diagnose conditions affecting protein metabolism, including kidney disease, malabsorption syndromes, and certain metabolic disorders.

Dientamoeba fragilis is a unicellular parasite found in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is associated with dientamoebiasis, a condition that can cause a range of digestive symptoms. Its precise method of transmission and its role in causing disease are still being studied.

SLC22A5 (Solute Carrier Family 22 Member 5): SLC22A5 is a protein, also known as OCTN2, that functions as a key carnitine transporter in the body. It facilitates the cellular uptake of carnitine, a compound essential for moving fatty acids into mitochondria for energy production. This process is critical for energy metabolism in tissues such as the heart and muscles. Mutations in the SLC22A5 gene can result in primary carnitine deficiency, a condition marked by muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy, highlighting its vital role in metabolic health and energy balance.

Cucumber intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest cucumber, often leading to stomach discomfort. Unlike a cucumber allergy, which prompts an immune response and can cause more serious reactions, cucumber intolerance usually results in digestive issues after eating it.

Baker’s yeast intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest baker’s yeast, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike a baker’s yeast allergy, which causes an immune reaction and can result in more severe symptoms, intolerance is confined to digestive problems. Symptoms usually appear after consuming foods or beverages containing baker’s yeast.

ATXN1 (Ataxin 1): ATXN1 is a gene that encodes the ataxin-1 protein, which plays a role in neuronal function. Mutations in ATXN1, particularly those involving expanded CAG repeats, cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) — a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by progressive loss of motor coordination and balance. Studying ATXN1 is crucial for understanding SCA1 and developing potential treatments for related neurological disorders.

GPR139 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) primarily expressed in the central nervous system, especially in areas involved in regulating neurotransmitter systems and neuronal activity. It is believed to modulate neurotransmission, particularly dopamine and glutamate signaling, and may function as an inhibitory receptor by decreasing cAMP levels and reducing neuronal excitability.

AMBRA1 (Autophagy and Beclin 1 Regulator 1): AMBRA1 is a crucial protein that regulates autophagy, the process through which cells break down and recycle their own components. It aids cell survival under stress by collaborating with BECN1 (Beclin 1) to trigger the formation of autophagosomes. Proper functioning of AMBRA1 is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and its malfunction has been linked to developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.

ALX4 (ALX Homeobox 4): ALX4 is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the development of the skull and limbs. Mutations in this gene are associated with craniofacial deformities and skeletal abnormalities, highlighting its significance in bone formation and morphogenesis.

APEH (Acylaminoacyl-Peptide Hydrolase): APEH is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in protein turnover by breaking down acetylated peptides. It helps in processing damaged or misfolded proteins, thereby maintaining protein homeostasis. Malfunctions in APEH can affect neurodegenerative processes and the body's response to oxidative stress.

SCARB1 (Scavenger Receptor Class B Member 1): SCARB1 is a protein that plays a crucial role in the selective uptake of cholesterol esters from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It is vital for lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport. Variants in SCARB1 can influence cholesterol levels and have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk.

ALDH1A2 (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member A2): ALDH1A2 is an enzyme from the aldehyde dehydrogenase family that catalyses the oxidation of retinaldehyde to retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A. This conversion plays a crucial role in developmental processes such as embryogenesis, tissue patterning, and organ formation, as it regulates gene expression and cell differentiation through retinoic acid signalling. ALDH1A2 is highly expressed in developing tissues, including limb buds, the central nervous system, and sensory organs.

Palladium is a metal used in electronics, jewellery, and dental materials. While useful in various industries, high levels of inhalation or ingestion can be toxic, particularly in occupational settings. Exposure may cause respiratory, skin, and digestive issues, and some individuals may develop allergic reactions such as dermatitis.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest Alaska pollock, a type of fish, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune response and may cause more severe symptoms, intolerance generally results in digestive problems after eating it.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may cause serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also lead to a potentially life-threatening ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the womb.

KCTD1 (Potassium Channel Tetramerization Domain Containing 1): KCTD1 is a protein that interacts with potassium channels, regulating their activity. It plays a vital role in cellular processes such as signal transduction and ion transport. Mutations in KCTD1 are linked to developmental disorders, especially those affecting the skin and hair.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that indicates a woman’s ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of eggs remaining. It is commonly used to assess fertility potential and is an important marker in reproductive medicine.

AHCY: Encodes the enzyme adenosylhomocysteinase, which plays a crucial role in converting S-adenosylhomocysteine into homocysteine, a vital step in the body's methylation processes and detoxification.

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is the form of vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein found in the blood. It is the only form that can be absorbed by cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it directly available for cellular functions. Measuring holoTC offers a more accurate indication of recent vitamin B12 status than total vitamin B12, as it represents the fraction immediately available for use by the body.

Mussels intolerance is a condition where the body struggles to digest mussels, often leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. It is different from a mussels allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe symptoms. People with mussels intolerance usually experience digestive problems after eating this type of shellfish.

Flaxseed intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting flaxseeds, small seeds valued for their rich nutrition and health benefits. It primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing discomfort after consumption. Unlike a flaxseed allergy, which triggers an immune response and can be more severe, flaxseed intolerance mainly results in digestive symptoms when flaxseeds or flaxseed-containing foods are eaten.

Rucola (arugula/rocket) is a leafy green vegetable known for its distinctive peppery taste and is commonly used in salads, sandwiches, and as a garnish. While it is generally well-tolerated, some people may experience arugula intolerance, which can cause discomfort when eating it.

NCOR1 (Nuclear Receptor Corepressor 1) is a protein that plays a vital role in regulating gene expression and transcriptional repression. Primarily located in the cell nucleus, NCOR1 modulates the activity of nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. It acts as a corepressor for receptors such as thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), retinoic acid receptors (RARs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). By recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and other chromatin-modifying enzymes, NCOR1 assists in forming repressive chromatin structures, resulting in decreased gene transcription.

TWIST1 (Twist Family BHLH Transcription Factor 1): TWIST1 is a gene that encodes a protein crucial for embryonic development, especially in directing mesenchymal cell lineage determination. It plays a role in craniofacial development and is linked to Saethre-Chotzen syndrome — a congenital disorder characterised by craniosynostosis.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that aids sleep and mood. It helps the body produce serotonin, a neurotransmitter that affects sleep, emotions, and appetite. Found in foods like turkey, chicken, milk, and nuts, tryptophan plays a vital role in relaxation, sleep, and overall mental well-being.

Rosemary intolerance is a condition where the body is unable to properly tolerate rosemary, a fragrant and aromatic herb widely used for its distinctive flavour and scent. While rosemary is commonly enjoyed in many dishes, individuals with this intolerance may experience discomfort or adverse reactions after consumption.

The presence of HSV-1 IgG antibodies indicates past or ongoing infection with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital infections. IgG antibodies typically appear a few weeks after initial infection and remain in the body for life, serving as a marker of previous exposure. This test does not indicate whether the infection is currently active but helps confirm whether the immune system has encountered the virus. A positive result may be clinically relevant in evaluating symptoms or in pre-screening before certain medical procedures.

Pollen from cypress trees, prevalent in the spring and fall. Known to cause hay fever and asthma symptoms.

Fish commonly consumed and used in various culinary dishes. Cod allergies can provoke digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.

Pollen from rye grass, a significant cause of hay fever and respiratory allergies during its pollen season.

Pollen from olive trees, typically causing hay fever and other respiratory allergies during blooming periods.

Stone fruit that can cause allergies ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

RBPJ (Recombination Signal Binding Protein For Immunoglobulin Kappa J Region): RBPJ is a key transcription factor in the Notch signalling pathway, which plays a critical role in regulating cell fate, differentiation, and development. Proper function of RBPJ is essential for tissue development and cell specialization, while dysregulation of RBPJ and Notch signalling is associated with various diseases, including cancers and developmental disorders.

Allergenic animal dander that can cause respiratory symptoms and skin reactions.

LRFN5 (Leucine Rich Repeat and Fibronectin Type III Domain Containing 5): LRFN5 is a member of the LRFN family of proteins. It plays a role in neuronal development and synaptic function, contributing to the formation and maintenance of neural circuits. Dysfunction in LRFN5 may be linked to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Taurine is an amino acid vital for the proper functioning of heart muscles, vision, and nerve health. It supports cardiovascular health, aids in maintaining healthy eyes, and plays a role in nerve growth and activity. Taurine naturally occurs in foods like meat, fish, and dairy.

TRIB1 (Tribbles Pseudokinase 1): TRIB1 is a gene that encodes a pseudokinase protein belonging to the Tribbles family. TRIB1 plays key roles in regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways, including those involved in growth, metabolism, and inflammation. It has been linked to lipid metabolism, cardiovascular health, and cancer, with its complex functions continuing to be an active area of research.

Allergenic protein found in the skin, saliva, and urine of cats, which can cause respiratory issues and asthma.

MITF (Melanocyte Inducing Transcription Factor): MITF is a key regulator that reflects the role of MITF in the development and function of melanocytes, the cells responsible for pigment production. It is essential for normal pigmentation, and mutations in MITF can lead to pigmentary disorders and increase the risk of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. MITF also contributes to the development of certain retinal cells and is implicated in Waardenburg syndrome.

MME, also known as Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase or neprilysin, is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease enzyme that plays a key role in the regulation of peptide signalling molecules. It is primarily located on the cell membrane of various cell types, including neurons, endothelial cells, and immune cells. MME is especially important for degrading peptides involved in blood pressure regulation, such as bradykinin and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), converting them into inactive fragments and helping maintain cardiovascular homeostasis.

TMEM171 (Transmembrane Protein 171): TMEM171 is a gene that encodes a transmembrane protein. Although its specific functions are not yet fully understood, transmembrane proteins typically play key roles in cell signaling, molecule transport across membranes, and cellular communication. Further studies are required to define the exact functions of TMEM171 in cellular processes.

Grass pollen that is a significant cause of seasonal allergies, especially in late spring and early summer.

Anti-deamidated gliadin antibodies (anti-DGP) are immune proteins produced in response to deamidated fragments of gliadin, a component of gluten. These antibodies, especially when both IgA and IgG subtypes are measured, provide high sensitivity and specificity for detecting celiac disease. Elevated levels indicate an immune response to gluten, often before intestinal damage becomes apparent. Testing for anti-DGP is particularly useful in individuals with suspected celiac disease, including those who have been on a gluten-free diet for a short time. Measuring both IgA and IgG allows for better detection across different immune profiles.

Asparagus intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting asparagus, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an asparagus allergy, which activates an immune response and can cause more severe reactions, asparagus intolerance usually results in digestive symptoms after eating.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Apple allergy is an allergic reaction to proteins found in apples, often linked to Oral Allergy Syndrome (OAS). It commonly occurs in people allergic to birch pollen, as similar proteins in apples can trigger cross-reactivity. Symptoms can range from mild oral discomfort to more pronounced reactions, though severe cases are uncommon.

Tyrosine is an amino acid that supports brain function and mood. It helps produce neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which influence mood, focus, and mental alertness. Found in foods like cheese, soy products, fish, and poultry, tyrosine is important for emotional well-being, stress response, and thyroid function.

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite produced from the breakdown of catecholamines like adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It serves as a clinical marker to evaluate catecholamine activity, with levels usually measured in urine. Various factors, including certain foods and medications, can affect VMA levels.

Free testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Unlike bound testosterone, free testosterone is biologically active and readily available to interact with cells, making it a key indicator of hormonal activity in the body. It plays a vital role in regulating libido, energy levels, muscle strength, and mood in both men and women.

NMRK1 (Nicotinamide Riboside Kinase 1): NMRK1 is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the NAD+ biosynthesis pathway by catalyzing the conversion of nicotinamide riboside to nicotinamide mononucleotide. NAD+ is vital for energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signalling. Through its function in NAD+ production, NMRK1 is essential for maintaining cellular energy balance and genomic stability, with implications for ageing, metabolic disorders, and conditions associated with NAD+ depletion.

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an indicator that reflects the presence of an essential Omega-3 fatty acid in the body, primarily sourced from fish and seafood. EPA is recognised for its anti-inflammatory properties and plays a crucial role in supporting heart health and maintaining a balanced range of bodily functions.

JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2): JAK2 is a gene that encodes a kinase enzyme belonging to the Janus kinase (JAK) family. JAK2 plays a key role in cytokine signalling pathways and is essential for the activation of immune and blood-forming (haematopoietic) cells. Mutations in JAK2 are linked to blood disorders, including polycythaemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

Yolk intolerance is a condition that causes difficulty in digesting egg yolks. Unlike an egg allergy, which triggers an immune system response and can lead to severe reactions, yolk intolerance mainly results in digestive discomfort. People with this intolerance often experience gastrointestinal symptoms after eating egg yolks.