Allergenic protein found in the skin, saliva, and urine of dogs, leading to respiratory issues and skin reactions.

Chicory intolerance is a condition where individuals experience difficulty digesting chicory, a leafy green vegetable often used in salads, as a coffee substitute, or as an ingredient in various culinary dishes. This leads to gastrointestinal discomfort. Chicory intolerance differs from a chicory allergy, which involves an immune system response and can cause more severe reactions. People with chicory intolerance typically experience digestive symptoms after consuming chicory or dishes containing it....

Grass pollen that triggers many seasonal allergies, causing hay fever and asthma symptoms during its season.

Insect allergen from cockroaches, which can contribute to respiratory issues and trigger asthma.

Vegetable widely used in culinary dishes. Tomato allergy can cause oral allergy syndrome and digestive issues.

Pollen from wormwood plants, known to cause hay fever and exacerbate asthma during its blooming season.

Pollen from mugwort plants, often causing respiratory symptoms in sensitive individuals during its peak season.

Pollen from birch trees, a common trigger of hay fever, asthma, and other respiratory allergies in the spring.

Pollen from hazelnut trees, known to cause respiratory allergies during its pollination period.

Mold that can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate asthma, prevalent in damp environments.

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key compound in the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway for energy production in cells. It plays a crucial role in converting nutrients into energy, amino acid metabolism, and nitrogen transport. Additionally, Alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in various cellular processes, including signaling and regulation....

Glyphosphate: Glyphosphate is a chemical compound used as an active ingredient in many herbicides. It functions by inhibiting an enzyme essential for plant growth, making it effective for weed control. Glyphosphate is commonly applied to crops such as wheat, soybean, and corn and may be found in food and water. Exposure to glyphosphate has been associated with potential health risks, and its presence in the body can offer insights into environmental and dietary effects.

Pollen from ash trees, which is a common allergen during springtime. Can induce respiratory symptoms in allergic individuals.

Lenscale refers to microscopic particles of shed skin, hair, or feathers from animals, primarily pets such as cats and dogs. These particles can become airborne, settle on furniture, bedding, or carpets, and trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Unlike larger fur clumps, lenscale is extremely light and often invisible to the eye, which makes it a persistent allergen indoors even in clean environments. Allergic reactions to lenscale are caused by specific proteins found in the skin secretions or saliva of animals, which adhere to these fine particles. Even without direct animal contact, individuals can experience symptoms if exposed to contaminated environments.

Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album) is a common wild plant found in many temperate regions across India. While it is sometimes consumed as a leafy green in foraging and traditional cuisines, it is also a known source of airborne allergens. The plant produces fine, powdery pollen during the summer, which can become airborne and cause allergic reactions such as hay fever, nasal congestion, and asthma symptoms in sensitive individuals. Due to its wide distribution and allergenic potential, lamb's quarters is often included in inhalant allergy panels.

False ragweed (Parthenium hysterophorus), also known as parthenium weed, is an invasive plant species native to the Americas but now found across many parts of India. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is a notable allergen due to its highly potent airborne pollen. The plant typically flowers in late summer and autumn, releasing pollen that can trigger allergic rhinitis, asthma, and contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Inhalant allergy tests often include false ragweed due to its increasing prevalence and allergenic strength.

Cultivated oat grass (Avena sativa) is a common cereal crop extensively grown in temperate regions. Besides its agricultural uses, it is recognized as an airborne allergen. During its pollination period, oat grass releases pollen into the air, which can be inhaled and may trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Symptoms can include sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy eyes, and respiratory irritation. It is one among many grasses whose pollen contributes to seasonal allergic rhinitis, commonly known as hay fever.

Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) is a fast-growing perennial grass native to the Mediterranean region but now widespread across many parts of India, especially in warm and temperate climates. It is considered both an agricultural weed and a significant source of airborne allergens. Its pollen is released during the warmer months and can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals, particularly those with seasonal allergic rhinitis or asthma. Johnson grass belongs to the Poaceae (grass) family, which includes many cross-reactive species.

Perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne) is a cool-season grass commonly used for lawns, pastures, and turf due to its rapid growth and resilience. It belongs to the Poaceae family and is a well-known source of seasonal allergens. During its pollination period—typically late spring to early summer—it releases airborne pollen that can trigger allergic reactions such as hay fever and asthma in sensitive individuals. The allergenic potential of perennial rye grass makes it a significant component in inhalant allergy testing panels.

25-hydroxy Vitamin D2 (25(OH)D2) is one of the two main forms of vitamin D measured in the blood, the other being 25-hydroxy Vitamin D3. While Vitamin D3 is typically produced in the skin through sunlight exposure and obtained from animal-based sources, Vitamin D2 is derived from plant-based sources and supplements. 25(OH)D2 is converted in the liver from ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) and reflects the body's intake of this form of the vitamin. It plays a role in calcium and phosphate metabolism, immune function, and overall bone health. Although Vitamin D2 is less potent and has a shorter half-life than Vitamin D3, both forms contribute to total vitamin D status.

25-hydroxy Vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) is the primary circulating form of vitamin D in the human body and the most accurate marker for assessing vitamin D status. It is synthesised in the skin upon exposure to UVB radiation from sunlight and can also be obtained from dietary sources such as fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods. Once produced or ingested, vitamin D3 is converted in the liver to 25(OH)D3, which is the major storage form of vitamin D. This form is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate balance, supporting bone health, and modulating immune, endocrine, and neuromuscular functions.

Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid produced during the metabolism of methionine, an essential amino acid. It plays a key role in methylation, detoxification, and cardiovascular function. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, cognitive decline, and pregnancy complications. Imbalances may result from deficiencies in B vitamins (especially B6, B12, and folate), impaired methylation, or genetic variants such as MTHFR. Monitoring homocysteine levels can provide valuable insights into cardiovascular, neurological, and metabolic health.

Desulfovibrio piger is a common sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) in the human gut microbiota. It reduces sulfate and other sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a gas that in small amounts plays physiological roles but in excess can be toxic to intestinal cells. Elevated levels of D. piger have been associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its abundance may reflect increased sulfur intake through diet or a disrupted microbial balance that favors sulfur metabolism.

Desulfomonas pigra is a species of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) found in anaerobic environments, including the human gut. It plays a role in sulfur metabolism by reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). While hydrogen sulfide is a naturally occurring compound in the colon, elevated levels produced by SRBs like D. pigra can disrupt intestinal barrier function and contribute to gastrointestinal inflammation or discomfort. Increased abundance of Desulfomonas pigra may indicate an overgrowth of sulfur-reducing microbes, potentially associated with diets high in sulfur-containing foods or imbalances in gut microbiota.

Bilophila wadsworthii is a gram-negative, anaerobic, sulfur-reducing bacterium commonly present in small quantities within the human gut. It can metabolize bile acids and reduce sulfur compounds to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a gas that, in excessive amounts, can be toxic to gut epithelial cells and compromise intestinal integrity. Increased levels of Bilophila wadsworthii have been linked to inflammatory conditions such as colitis and may signal a dysbiotic gut environment, particularly in response to high-fat or high-animal protein diets. This bacterium is regarded as a potential pathobiont due to its capacity to induce inflammation under certain circumstances.

Providencia spp. are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are not typically dominant members of the gut microbiome but can be found in small amounts. Some species, such as Providencia stuartii and Providencia rettgeri, are considered opportunistic pathogens and have been associated with urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal disturbances. Elevated levels in a stool sample may indicate microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) or an overrepresentation of potentially pathogenic strains. Providencia species are also known for their ability to produce urease and contribute to ammonia formation.

Morganella spp., most notably Morganella morganii, are gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are considered opportunistic pathogens and are occasionally found in the human intestinal tract as part of the normal flora. However, elevated levels in stool may indicate dysbiosis or potential infection risk, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Morganella is also known for its production of biogenic amines, such as putrescine and cadaverine, which can contribute to gut and systemic symptoms. In clinical settings, Morganella morganii has been associated with urinary tract infections and other hospital-acquired infections.

Citrobacter spp. are a group of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are commonly found in soil, water, and the intestinal tract of humans and animals. While some species are part of the normal gut flora in small amounts, elevated levels may indicate dysbiosis or an overgrowth. Certain species, like Citrobacter freundii, have been linked to gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary tract infections, and hospital-acquired infections in vulnerable individuals. In stool testing, the presence of Citrobacter may reflect microbial imbalance, immune stress, or past antibiotic use.

Acinetobacter spp. are a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil, water, and sometimes in the human gut. Although not typically dominant in a healthy microbiome, certain strains may colonize the intestines, especially following antibiotic use or in hospital environments. Some species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, are known for their resistance to antibiotics and their role in infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. In stool analysis, the presence of Acinetobacter may reflect environmental exposure, microbial imbalance, or antibiotic-related shifts in gut flora.

Proteobacteria is a large phylum of gram-negative bacteria that includes both harmless commensals and potential pathogens. In the gut, a small amount of Proteobacteria can be normal, but elevated levels are often considered a marker of dysbiosis and inflammation. This group includes species such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Helicobacter, and Klebsiella, some of which are linked to gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and metabolic imbalances. An increased abundance of Proteobacteria may reflect microbial instability or a pro-inflammatory gut environment.

Fusobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria naturally found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and sometimes in the vaginal flora. While some species may exist as part of a normal microbiome, Fusobacterium is also known for its association with inflammation and infection. High levels in the gut have been linked to conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer. Its presence is often considered a marker of microbial imbalance or pathogenic overgrowth, especially when found alongside symptoms like bloating or altered bowel habits.

Ruminococcus spp. are a group of anaerobic bacteria within the Firmicutes phylum, commonly found in the human gut microbiota. They play a significant role in the fermentation of complex carbohydrates and the production of short-chain fatty acids like acetate and butyrate, which support gut health and energy metabolism. Ruminococcus species are considered important for maintaining a balanced gut environment, particularly due to their fiber-degrading abilities. Altered levels of Ruminococcus have been associated with digestive issues, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and metabolic disorders.

Roseburia spp. are beneficial, anaerobic bacteria that belong to the Firmicutes phylum and commonly reside in a healthy human gut. These bacteria are known for their ability to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that acts as a crucial energy source for colon cells and helps reduce inflammation in the gut. A balanced level of Roseburia is often linked with better metabolic health, enhanced gut barrier function, and a lower risk of inflammatory conditions. Reduced levels have been associated with disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Eubacterium spp. are a diverse group of anaerobic bacteria found in the human gut, classified within the Firmicutes phylum. Many species within this genus play a beneficial role in maintaining gut health by producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate. These compounds help nourish colon cells, support immune function, and reduce inflammation. Some species may also be involved in bile acid metabolism and vitamin synthesis. An imbalance in Eubacterium populations may be associated with dysbiosis or chronic gastrointestinal conditions.

Coprococcus spp. are beneficial bacteria in the human gut microbiome, belonging to the Firmicutes phylum. These microbes are known for their ability to produce butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that supports gut barrier integrity, modulates inflammation, and promotes overall digestive health. Higher levels of Coprococcus are often associated with a well-balanced microbiome and improved mental well-being, as butyrate can also influence brain health via the gut-brain axis. Low levels may reflect poor fibre fermentation, gut dysbiosis, or inflammation. Their presence is generally considered a marker of a healthy, fibre-rich diet.

Butyrivibrio spp. are beneficial gut bacteria known for producing butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid that plays a key role in maintaining intestinal health. Butyrate supports the integrity of the gut lining, reduces inflammation, and serves as a primary energy source for colon cells. The presence of Butyrivibrio is generally considered a positive indicator of a healthy microbiome. Low levels may suggest reduced butyrate production, which can be associated with intestinal inflammation or dysbiosis. These bacteria thrive on dietary fibre and are part of the Firmicutes phylum.

Firmicutes is one of the major bacterial phyla in the human gut microbiome, comprising many species involved in energy extraction from food. These bacteria are efficient at breaking down complex carbohydrates and producing short-chain fatty acids, which can support gut and metabolic health. However, a disproportionately high ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes has been associated in some studies with obesity and metabolic disturbances. The balance of Firmicutes is therefore an important marker for assessing microbial diversity and potential metabolic tendencies. Individual health effects depend on overall composition and host factors.

Methanobrevibacter species are archaea—microorganisms distinct from bacteria—that primarily inhabit the human gut. These microbes are known for producing methane gas as a byproduct of fermentation, especially from hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Elevated levels of Methanobrevibacter spp. have been associated with slowed intestinal transit and symptoms like constipation and bloating. Unlike many bacteria, archaea are not affected by standard antibiotics, making their overgrowth more complex to manage. Their presence provides insight into the balance of microbial communities and gas production in the gut.

Candida lusitaniae is a less common yeast species that can be part of the normal flora in the human body but has been associated with opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. It is notable for its potential resistance to certain antifungal treatments, especially amphotericin B. In stool analysis, the presence of C. lusitaniae may indicate fungal overgrowth or dysbiosis, particularly when found in elevated amounts. Its detection is important for assessing gut microbial balance and guiding further clinical investigation if needed.

Candida tropicalis is a yeast species that can be part of the normal human microbiota, especially in the gastrointestinal tract and mucosal surfaces. It has a higher pathogenic potential than some other non-albicans Candida species and is frequently linked to systemic infections in immunocompromised patients. In the gut, increased levels of C. tropicalis may indicate fungal overgrowth, dysbiosis, or a weakened immune system. Its detection in stool tests can aid in identifying imbalances in the gut mycobiome and possible sources of inflammation or infection.

Candida parapsilosis is a yeast species that can be part of the normal human microbiota, especially on the skin and in the gastrointestinal tract. While usually harmless in healthy individuals, it can become opportunistic and cause infections, particularly in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients. It is frequently linked to catheter-related infections, wound infections, and occasionally gastrointestinal issues. Elevated levels in stool may indicate gut microbiome imbalance, recent antibiotic use, or suppressed immune function. Monitoring its presence can be important for evaluating fungal overgrowth or gut dysbiosis.

Candida glabrata is a species of yeast that can naturally reside in the human gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. While typically harmless in healthy individuals, it can become opportunistic in immunocompromised hosts, potentially leading to infections. Compared to other Candida species, C. glabrata tends to be more resistant to common antifungal treatments. Its overgrowth in stool samples may indicate microbial imbalance (dysbiosis), immune suppression, or prior antibiotic use. Monitoring its levels may provide insights into overall gut health and susceptibility to fungal overgrowth.

Candida krusei is a species of yeast that can be part of the gut mycobiome but is generally present in low numbers. It is known for its natural resistance to certain antifungal treatments, particularly fluconazole, making its identification clinically relevant. An overgrowth of C. krusei may occur in individuals with compromised gut flora, immune suppression, or high sugar intake. Elevated levels in stool may reflect a disruption in microbial balance or a yeast overgrowth condition that could contribute to digestive discomfort and systemic symptoms.

Equol is a compound produced by gut bacteria during the metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein. It functions as a non-steroidal estrogen and may offer various health benefits, including antioxidant and hormone-regulating effects. However, only certain individuals possess the specific gut bacteria capable of producing equol. Measuring equol in stool helps assess whether the gut microbiome can efficiently convert daidzein, providing insights into microbial diversity and function related to estrogen metabolism.

Phenols are organic compounds that gut bacteria produce during the fermentation of certain amino acids, especially tyrosine. Some phenols, like p-cresol, can be toxic at high levels and are linked to dysbiosis or imbalances in gut microbiota. Increased phenol levels in stool indicate microbial activity that may strain the liver’s detoxification functions. Tracking phenols helps evaluate how effectively the gut is handling protein breakdown and microbial fermentation.

Beta-glucuronidase is an enzyme produced by certain gut bacteria that can break the bond between glucuronic acid and various toxins, hormones, or drugs that have been prepared for elimination by the liver. Elevated beta-glucuronidase activity in the stool may indicate microbial imbalance and can interfere with detoxification by reactivating substances like estrogen and xenobiotics in the colon. This reactivation may contribute to systemic toxicity or hormonal imbalances. Measuring beta-glucuronidase in stool helps assess microbial metabolism and detoxification efficiency in the gut.

Secondary bile acids are formed in the colon through bacterial transformation of primary bile acids originally synthesized in the liver. While they play roles in digestion and microbial regulation, elevated levels may indicate dysbiosis, excessive fat consumption, or altered bile acid metabolism. Some secondary bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), have been linked to mucosal irritation, inflammation, and a higher risk of colorectal disorders when persistently elevated. Measuring them in stool helps evaluate gut microbial activity and bile detoxification status.

Ammonia is a nitrogen-containing compound produced in the gut through the breakdown of proteins and amino acids by intestinal bacteria. In a healthy gut, most ammonia is either used by microbes or absorbed and detoxified by the liver. Elevated fecal ammonia levels may indicate excessive protein fermentation, gut dysbiosis, or an imbalance between beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. High levels can contribute to mucosal irritation, inflammation, and may compromise gut barrier function. Ammonia levels are a useful marker of microbial protein metabolism and intestinal health.

Indoxyl sulfate is a uremic toxin formed when gut bacteria metabolise the amino acid tryptophan into indole, which is then absorbed and converted into indoxyl sulfate in the liver. While small amounts are normally excreted via the kidneys, elevated levels may indicate impaired detoxification, dysbiosis, or renal stress. Indoxyl sulfate has been linked to oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and vascular dysfunction—especially in individuals with compromised kidney function. It serves as a marker of both microbial activity and the body’s ability to process and eliminate metabolic waste.

Histamine-producing bacteria are gut microbes capable of converting the amino acid histidine into histamine, a biogenic amine that plays a central role in immune responses and allergic reactions. While histamine is a necessary signaling molecule, excess production in the gut can contribute to symptoms resembling allergies, such as rashes, headaches, or digestive discomfort. These bacteria may flourish in the presence of chronic stress, poor gut barrier function, or diets rich in histidine-containing foods. Elevated levels are associated with conditions like histamine intolerance or pseudoallergies. Maintaining a balanced microbiome and proper gut barrier integrity may help reduce histamine load from microbial sources.

Diversity refers to the variety of bacterial species present in the gut microbiome. A higher microbial diversity is generally associated with better digestive health, immune function, and resilience against pathogens. Low diversity, on the other hand, may be linked to inflammation, poor nutrient absorption, and various chronic health conditions.

Enterotypes are classifications of the human gut microbiome based on the dominant bacterial groups and their metabolic functions. There are three main enterotypes: Bacteroides-dominant (Type 1), Prevotella-dominant (Type 2), and Ruminococcus-dominant (Type 3). Each type has unique characteristics in how nutrients like fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are metabolised. For example, Prevotella (Type 2) is more efficient at carbohydrate utilisation, especially in fibre-rich diets, but less capable of synthesising certain vitamins. Your enterotype may influence nutrient absorption, gut health, and how your body responds to different types of diets.

The Dysbiosis Index is a metric used to evaluate the extent of imbalance in the gut microbiome, reflecting the presence and severity of dysbiosis. It measures variations in microbial diversity and composition relative to a healthy reference group. A higher index indicates more significant dysbiosis, which could be associated with health problems such as inflammation, digestive disorders, or metabolic conditions.

Swede (also known as rutabaga or yellow turnip) is a root vegetable that belongs to the brassica family, closely related to cabbage and turnips. It has a round shape, yellowish flesh, and a slightly sweet, earthy flavour that becomes mellow when cooked. Swede is often used in soups, stews, mashes, or roasted as a hearty side dish. It's especially popular in Northern European cuisine and provides a good source of fibre, vitamin C, and antioxidants. The vegetable is known for its resilience and long storage life, making it a staple in colder climates.

Caraway (Carum carvi) is a spice made from the dried seeds of a plant in the parsley family. It has a warm, slightly sweet flavour with notes of anise and is commonly used in breads, especially rye bread, as well as in sauerkraut, cheeses, and savoury dishes. Caraway has been used for centuries in European, Middle Eastern, and North African cuisines. In addition to its culinary uses, it has a long history in traditional herbal medicine for digestive support. The seeds are small, crescent-shaped, and brown with ridged surfaces.

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is a small citrus fruit known for its sweet flavour, easy-to-peel skin, and vibrant orange colour. Rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and flavonoids, mandarins support immune function and help protect against oxidative stress. Due to their mild and pleasant taste, they are commonly eaten fresh or used in juices and desserts. Some individuals may, however, experience allergic reactions to citrus fruits, including mandarins.

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile organic compound produced in the gut by bacterial fermentation of dietary nutrients such as choline, L-carnitine, and lecithin. Normally, TMA is rapidly converted in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which is less toxic. However, elevated TMA levels can indicate imbalances in the gut microbiome or impaired liver detoxification capacity. High TMA is also associated with trimethylaminuria, a rare metabolic disorder that causes a strong body odor. Monitoring TMA provides insight into gut microbial activity, protein metabolism, and liver function.

Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound produced in the liver from trimethylamine (TMA), which is generated by gut bacteria during the digestion of nutrients like choline, L-carnitine, and phosphatidylcholine. Elevated levels of TMAO have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and inflammation. TMAO serves as a valuable marker for assessing metabolic health and the impact of gut microbiota on systemic disease risk. Lifestyle and diet, especially red meat and eggs, can significantly influence TMAO levels. Monitoring TMAO may help identify hidden risks even when other conventional markers appear normal.

Neopterin is a molecule produced by immune cells, especially macrophages, in response to stimulation by interferon-gamma. It is regarded as a marker of immune system activation and inflammation. Elevated neopterin levels in urine or blood can indicate increased immune activity, commonly observed in infections, autoimmune disorders, or chronic inflammatory conditions. Since it reflects cellular immune response, neopterin is sometimes used to monitor disease progression or the status of the immune system.

TCN1 encodes the protein haptocorrin, also known as transcobalamin I, which binds vitamin B12 (cobalamin) in the saliva and protects it from degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach. This initial binding allows B12 to reach the small intestine, where it is then transferred to intrinsic factor for absorption. Variants in the TCN1 gene may affect the stability or availability of B12 in the digestive tract, potentially contributing to suboptimal B12 status. Although not directly involved in cellular B12 transport like TCN2, TCN1 plays a critical early role in vitamin B12 handling.

The SLC19A1 gene encodes the reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1), an essential transporter responsible for the uptake of folate and its derivatives into cells. This transport mechanism is crucial for cellular absorption of folate, which is necessary for DNA synthesis, repair, methylation processes, and the formation of red blood cells. Variations in this gene may hinder folate transport, potentially causing reduced intracellular folate despite adequate dietary intake. Such impairments have been associated with developmental disorders, fatigue, cognitive difficulties, and increased homocysteine levels.

The PDXK gene encodes the enzyme pyridoxal kinase, which is crucial for converting vitamin B6 into its active form, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP). PLP acts as a coenzyme in over 100 enzymatic reactions, many involved in amino acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and energy production. Variants in the PDXK gene may disrupt this conversion, potentially causing a functional vitamin B6 deficiency despite adequate B6 intake. Altered PLP levels have been associated with neurological symptoms, fatigue, and mood disorders.

The MTHFD1L gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the folate cycle and one-carbon metabolism, specifically in the conversion of formate to 10-formyl-THF. This process supports purine synthesis and methylation reactions, which are essential for DNA and RNA production and cellular repair. Genetic variations in MTHFD1L can affect mitochondrial folate metabolism and have been associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects, cardiovascular issues, and impaired methylation. It plays a complementary role to the cytosolic MTHFD1 gene but operates within the mitochondria.

The TYMS gene encodes thymidylate synthase, a crucial enzyme involved in the synthesis of thymidine, one of the four nucleotides essential for DNA replication and repair. This enzyme depends on active folate (5,10-methylene-THF) to function effectively, closely linking TYMS to folate metabolism. Variants in the TYMS gene can influence folate availability at the cellular level and may modify the body's response to folate or folate-based treatments. Such alterations may contribute to impaired DNA synthesis, increased vulnerability to certain diseases, or varied responses to chemotherapy or supplementation.

The MTHFS gene encodes methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, an enzyme involved in folate metabolism. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the pool of active folate derivatives used for methylation, DNA synthesis, and neurotransmitter production. MTHFS regulates the conversion of various folate forms and helps maintain the balance of one-carbon units essential for cellular function. Variants in this gene may disrupt folate recycling, potentially affecting methylation pathways and contributing to issues such as impaired detoxification, fatigue, or mood imbalance.

The TCN2 gene encodes transcobalamin II, a protein responsible for transporting vitamin B12 (cobalamin) from the bloodstream into cells. Once vitamin B12 is absorbed in the gut, it must bind to transcobalamin to be delivered to tissues where it is used for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, and neurological function. Genetic variations in TCN2 can reduce the efficiency of B12 transport, potentially leading to functional B12 deficiency even when blood levels appear normal. This may contribute to symptoms like fatigue, cognitive changes, or elevated homocysteine.

The Potassium/Calcium ratio in whole blood serves as a valuable indicator for assessing mineral balance and cellular function. This ratio between the two minerals can reveal potential imbalances that might impact neuromuscular function, cardiovascular stability, or hormonal regulation. Factors such as diet, stress, kidney function, or adrenal activity can influence a disturbed ratio. Keeping track of this ratio aids in identifying underlying problems even when individual mineral levels fall within normal limits.

Flatworms and tapeworms are parasitic worms that can infect the human digestive tract, most commonly through the consumption of undercooked or contaminated meat. Tapeworms belong to the class Cestoda and can grow several meters long inside the intestines. Once inside the host, they attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients, often leading to symptoms such as digestive issues, weight loss, or fatigue. In many cases, however, the infection can be asymptomatic and go undetected for long periods. Diagnosis typically involves stool sample analysis to detect eggs or worm segments.

Microsporidia are a group of microscopic, spore-forming parasites that primarily infect the intestinal tract but can also affect the eyes, muscles, and other organs, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. These organisms are classified as fungi or fungus-like and are known to cause a condition called microsporidiosis. Transmission typically occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or contact with infected animals or surfaces. Symptoms can include chronic diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and abdominal discomfort.

Free Cortisol refers to the unbound, biologically active form of cortisol circulating in the body. Unlike total cortisol, which includes both bound and unbound hormone, free cortisol represents the fraction that is available to tissues and can directly influence stress response, metabolism, immune function, and energy levels. Measuring free cortisol provides a more accurate reflection of how the body is responding to physical and emotional stress. It is commonly assessed in urine or saliva samples and is particularly relevant in evaluating adrenal function and circadian rhythm imbalances.

Blood group O has no A or B antigens on red blood cells but contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood group can donate red blood cells to anyone (universal donor), but can only receive blood from group O. Blood group O is the most common blood type in many populations. Due to the absence of A and B antigens, it is crucial for emergency transfusions.

Blood group AB has both A and B antigens on red blood cells and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma. It is known as the universal recipient for red blood cell transfusions because individuals with this group can receive blood from all other groups. However, they can only donate blood to others with blood group AB. AB is the rarest of the four main blood groups. It is important to consider both ABO and Rh compatibility in transfusions.

Blood group B has B antigens on red blood cells and anti-A antibodies in the plasma. Individuals with this blood type can donate blood to those with blood group B or AB. They can receive blood from donors with blood group B or O. Blood group B is less common in certain regions. Compatibility is crucial for safe transfusions.

The Monkeypox virus A29L antigen is a surface protein linked to the monkeypox virus (Mpox), a zoonotic virus that can spread from animals to humans and among people. Detecting the A29L antigen in a sample signifies an active infection, as antigens are usually found during the early symptomatic stage of the disease.

IgG antibodies are produced later in the immune response and usually indicate past exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. They typically appear 2–3 weeks after the onset of infection and can remain detectable for months or even years. A positive IgG result does not necessarily mean there is an active infection, but it shows that the immune system has encountered the pathogen before. When tested alongside IgM, IgG helps distinguish between acute, recent, and past infections.

IgM antibodies are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an acute infection. When IgM against Mycoplasma pneumoniae is present, it generally indicates a recent or ongoing infection. These antibodies appear within 1–2 weeks of exposure and usually decrease after a few months. Testing for IgM is helpful in identifying the early stage of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, especially in symptomatic individuals.

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refer to a group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids play key roles in muscle protein synthesis, energy production, and recovery, especially during physical activity. Measuring total BCAA levels in the blood provides insight into protein metabolism, nutritional status, and muscle health. Imbalances can be linked to poor dietary intake, metabolic dysfunction, or increased demand due to stress, illness, or intense training. BCAA levels are particularly relevant for athletes, individuals with fatigue, or those recovering from illness or muscle loss.

The Testosterone/Cortisol ratio reflects the balance between anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) processes in the body. Testosterone supports muscle growth, energy, and recovery, while cortisol is a stress hormone that can promote tissue breakdown when chronically elevated. A healthy ratio may indicate good resilience, recovery capacity, and hormonal balance, whereas a low ratio may suggest high stress load, overtraining, or hormonal imbalance. This marker is particularly relevant for athletes, individuals under chronic stress, or those with fatigue-related symptoms. It helps provide context to both testosterone and cortisol values when interpreted together.

Microplastic particles refer to tiny fragments of plastic, typically less than 5 millimeters in size, with this test specifically focusing on particles smaller than 30 micrometers. These particles can originate from a wide range of sources, including food packaging, textiles, cosmetics, personal care products, and environmental pollution. Once ingested or inhaled, microplastics may enter the bloodstream and circulate in the body.

Free testosterone refers to the fraction of testosterone in the bloodstream that is not bound to proteins like sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin. Unlike bound testosterone, free testosterone is biologically active and readily available to interact with cells, making it a key indicator of hormonal activity in the body. It plays a vital role in regulating libido, energy levels, muscle strength, and mood in both men and women.

HPV (Human Papillomavirus): HPV is a group of over 200 viruses, with some types being sexually transmitted and linked to health issues like genital warts and cancers, particularly cervical cancer. The high-risk types, especially HPV-16 and HPV-18, are strongly associated with cancers of the cervix, throat, anus, and penis. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and resolve on their own, persistent infections can lead to cancer. Vaccination is available to protect against the most dangerous strains, and regular screening is important for early detection and prevention.

Anti-deamidated gliadin antibodies (anti-DGP) are immune proteins produced in response to deamidated fragments of gliadin, a component of gluten. These antibodies, especially when both IgA and IgG subtypes are measured, provide high sensitivity and specificity for detecting celiac disease. Elevated levels indicate an immune response to gluten, often before intestinal damage becomes apparent. Testing for anti-DGP is particularly useful in individuals with suspected celiac disease, including those who have been on a gluten-free diet for a short time. Measuring both IgA and IgG allows for better detection across different immune profiles.

Grass pollen that is a significant cause of seasonal allergies, especially in late spring and early summer.

Allergenic protein found in the skin, saliva, and urine of cats, which can cause respiratory issues and asthma.

Allergenic animal dander that can cause respiratory symptoms and skin reactions.

Stone fruit that can cause allergies ranging from oral allergy syndrome to severe reactions like anaphylaxis.

Pollen from olive trees, typically causing hay fever and other respiratory allergies during blooming periods.

Pollen from rye grass, a significant cause of hay fever and respiratory allergies during its pollen season.

Fish commonly consumed and used in various culinary dishes. Cod allergies can provoke digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.

Pollen from cypress trees, prevalent in the spring and fall. Known to cause hay fever and asthma symptoms.

The presence of HSV-1 IgG antibodies indicates past or ongoing infection with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1. HSV-1 is commonly associated with oral herpes but can also cause genital infections. IgG antibodies typically appear a few weeks after initial infection and remain in the body for life, serving as a marker of previous exposure. This test does not indicate whether the infection is currently active but helps confirm whether the immune system has encountered the virus. A positive result may be clinically relevant in evaluating symptoms or in pre-screening before certain medical procedures.

Rosemary intolerance is a condition where the body is unable to properly tolerate rosemary, a fragrant and aromatic herb widely used for its distinctive flavour and scent. While rosemary is commonly enjoyed in many dishes, individuals with this intolerance may experience discomfort or adverse reactions after consumption.

Rucola (arugula/rocket) is a leafy green vegetable known for its distinctive peppery taste and is commonly used in salads, sandwiches, and as a garnish. While it is generally well-tolerated, some people may experience arugula intolerance, which can cause discomfort when eating it.

Flaxseed intolerance is a condition that reflects difficulty in digesting flaxseeds, small seeds valued for their rich nutrition and health benefits. It primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract, causing discomfort after consumption. Unlike a flaxseed allergy, which triggers an immune response and can be more severe, flaxseed intolerance mainly results in digestive symptoms when flaxseeds or flaxseed-containing foods are eaten.

Holotranscobalamin (holoTC), also known as active vitamin B12, is the form of vitamin B12 bound to transcobalamin, a transport protein found in the blood. It is the only form that can be absorbed by cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis, making it directly available for cellular functions. Measuring holoTC offers a more accurate indication of recent vitamin B12 status than total vitamin B12, as it represents the fraction immediately available for use by the body.

AHCY: Encodes the enzyme adenosylhomocysteinase, which plays a crucial role in converting S-adenosylhomocysteine into homocysteine, a vital step in the body's methylation processes and detoxification.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a hormone produced by the ovaries that indicates a woman’s ovarian reserve, reflecting the number of eggs remaining. It is commonly used to assess fertility potential and is an important marker in reproductive medicine.

Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It can affect both men and women and may cause serious, lasting damage to a woman’s reproductive system, increasing the risk of infertility. In some cases, it can also lead to a potentially life-threatening ectopic pregnancy, where the pregnancy develops outside the womb.

Alaska pollock intolerance is a condition where individuals find it difficult to digest Alaska pollock, a type of fish, leading to gastrointestinal discomfort. Unlike an allergy to Alaska pollock, which triggers an immune response and may cause more severe symptoms, intolerance generally results in digestive problems after eating it.